Introduction
Male infertility is a global health issue that affects millions of couples and contributes to approximately half of all infertility cases worldwide. Despite its prevalence, male infertility is often underdiagnosed due to social stigma, limited awareness, and delayed medical consultation. Andrology provides the clinical and scientific framework necessary to accurately diagnose and manage male infertility.
Etiological Factors
The causes of male infertility are diverse and may be classified as pre-testicular, testicular, or post-testicular. Hormonal imbalances, genetic disorders, varicocele, infections, testicular trauma, environmental toxins, and lifestyle factors such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and chronic stress all negatively affect sperm production and quality.
Diagnostic Methods in Andrology
The diagnostic process begins with a thorough medical and reproductive history, erotic analysis, followed by physical examination and semen analysis. Advanced diagnostic tools include hormonal profiling, genetic testing, scrotal ultrasonography, sperm DNA fragmentation testing, and testicular biopsy when indicated. These methods allow precise identification of the underlying pathology.
Therapeutic Approaches
Treatment strategies are individualized and may include hormonal therapy, surgical correction, lifestyle modification, antioxidant supplementation, or assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization. Andrology emphasizes restoring natural fertility whenever possible.
Conclusion
Male infertility is often treatable with proper andrological care. Early diagnosis and targeted intervention significantly improve reproductive success and psychological well-being.